Pine

A major primary producer in semi-natural and anthropogenic affected ecosystems.

The pine is widespread in Central Europe due to its popularity with forestry managers and as a result its incidence is high. Its suitability as a specimen type for the Environmental Specimen Bank is founded on its economic and ecological significance, our considerable understanding of its ecology, population genetics, sensitivity and patterns of accumulation in relation to many hazardous substances.

The target organ is the one-year-old shoot which, when sampled in spring from February to late May before sprouting begins, presents a comprehensive picture of winter pollution in the environment, unlike the deciduous beech and poplar.

The information provided by this specimen type is analogous to that from the spruce, which means that is can be used as a substitute for spruce in areas where pine is the numerically predominant of the two, e.g. in the Düben Heath (Dübener Heide) sampling area.

For more information about the specimen, the sampling and the processing of samples see the Guideline for Sampling and Sample Processing Norway Spruce (Picea abies) / Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris).

Recommended analysis examples

• Iron in pine shoots from the Dübener Heide
• Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene in pine from the Dübener Heide
• Phenanthrene in pine shoots from the Dübener Heide
• Sulfur in pine shoots from the Dübener Heide

Target organs/Matrices

• One-year-shoots

   

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Sampling area

Analytes

• Metals

  Eighty percent of all elements on earth are metals

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• Nonmetals

  Only eighteen elements in the periodic table

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• Chlorohydrocarbons

  Group of organic compounds with at least one covalently bonded chlorine atom

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• Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

  Group of organic compounds with at least three condensed six-membered rings

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• Per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds

  Organic compounds which are fully (per-) or partially (poly-) fluorinated

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• Stable Isotopes

  Atoms of one element with different weights

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• Flame Retardants

  Flame retardants reduce the flammability of objects

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• Supplementary parameters

  Additional information for the interpretation of contamination data

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Sampling period

Biometric parameters

• Height

   

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• Degree of needle density

   

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Extended information

Links to external information and legislation

• FloraWeb: Pinus sylvestris (German)
• EUNIS biodiversity database - Pinus sylvestris

Literature

• Bestimmung von Dioxinen, Furanen, dioxinähnlichen PCB und Indikator-PCB in Fichten- und Kieferntrieben aus der Umweltprobenbank des Bundes
  Körner, Wolfgang; Schädel, Silke; Waller, Ulrich; Köhler, Jutta
  Augsburg: Bayerisches Landesamt für Umweltschutz, 2005. - 51, 2005
  
• Retrospective Monitoring of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs in Pine- and Spruce-Shoots - Results from the German Environmental Specimen Bank
  Rappolder, Marianne; Schröter-Kermani, Christa; Waller, Ulrich; Koerner, Wolfgang
  Organohalogen Compounds 66 (2004), 1842 - 1847, 2004
  
• Temporal Trends and Spatial Distribution of PCDD, PCDF, and PCB in Pine and Spruce Shoots
  Rappolder, Marianne; Schröter-Kermani, Christa; Schädel, Silke; Waller, Ulrich; Körner, Wolfgang
  Chemosphere 67 (2007), 9, 1887–1896, 2007